traducido por Federico Dilla
Hedge risk in export transactions using a future contract
By Alexander Rosado Serrano
He is a doctoral student in International Business at the University of Puerto Rico, professor of finance and family businesses in the Interamerican University of Puerto Rico and principal consultant Ready To Talk Consulting. His areas of expertise are franchises, family businesses and small businesses.
A tool you can use an exporting manufacturing is a forward contract when your product requires more than one year or manufactured for the transaction is completed with a foreign customer who uses a different currency. A technique used by international financial managers when you can not use arbitration of interest rates is the parity of interest rates. This is a state of equilibrium where the forward rate differs from the rate at the time 'spot' by enough to offset the differential interest rate between two different currencies amount.
Using this technique the company determines to what you can afford for a premium of future rate based on current interest rates. Consider the following example to understand how to apply this technique. Veloz, S.A. is a company that manufactures recreational vehicles in the US and export them to Mexico in two years when full production thereof. Each unit will receive 2.5 million pesos (Mexico). We assume that the interest rate in the US is 4% (without any other consideration of maturity of the debt). The interest rate in Mexico is 9% (without any other consideration of maturity of the debt). Assume that the current rate 'spot' of the Mexican peso is $ .10.
If the company wishes to use this hedging operation using a forward contract; How many dollars you will receive Veloz, S.A. in 2 years?
Use the following formula to determine the forward premium and adjust the current exchange rate:
P = [(1 + ih) / (1-if)] - 1
P = [(1.04) 2 / (1.09) 2] -1
P = [(1.0816) / (1.1881)] -1
P = -0.0896 -8.96% or
We use the P calculated and adjust the current rate:
$ .10 * (1-0.0896) = $ 0.09104
Become the expected amount per unit calculated considering the forward premium.
$ 2,500,000 pesos * 0.09104 = $ 227.600
Then using this technique, the company Veloz, S.A. in 2 years you will receive $ 227.600.
There are different techniques that exporting and importing companies can use to protect themselves from fluctuations in exchange rates and reduce their exposure to financial risk and transaction.
Operación de cobertura de riesgo en transacciones de exportación utilizando un contrato futuro
Es estudiante doctoral en Comercio Internacional en Universidad de Puerto Rico, profesor de finanzas y empresas familiares en la Universidad Interamericana de Puerto Rico y consultor principal en Ready To Talk Consulting. Sus áreas de especialidad son las franquicias, las empresas familiares y los pequeños negocios.
Mediante esta técnica la empresa determina hasta cuanto puede pagar por una prima de tasa futura basada en las tasas actuales de interés. Examinemos el siguiente ejemplo para comprender cómo aplicar esta técnica. Veloz, S.A es una empresa que fabrica vehículos recreativos en USA y exporta los mismos a México en 2 años cuando completa la producción de los mismos. Por cada unidad recibirá 2,5 millones de pesos (Mexicanos). Asumiremos que la tasa de interés en los USA es de 4% (sin ninguna otra consideración de madurez de la deuda). La tasa de interés en México es de 9% (sin ninguna otra consideración de madurez de la deuda). Asuma que la tasa actual ‘spot’ del peso Mexicano es de $.10.
SI la empresa desea utilizar esta operación de cobertura de riesgo utilizando un contrato forward; ¿Cuántos dólares recibirá Veloz, S.A. en 2 años?
Utilizaremos la siguiente fórmula para determinar la prima forward y ajustar la tasa de cambio actual:
P= [(1+ ih)/ (1-if)]-1
P= [(1.04)2 / (1.09)2]-1
P = [ (1.0816) / (1.1881) ] -1
P = -0.0896 o -8.96%
Utilizamos la P calculada y ajustamos la tasa actual:
$.10* (1-0.0896) = $0.09104
Convertimos la cantidad esperada por unidad considerando la prima forward calculada.
2,500,000 pesos * $0.09104 = $227,600
Entonces utilizando esta técnica, la empresa Veloz, S.A. recibirá en 2 años $227,600.
Existen diferentes técnicas que las empresas exportadoras e importadoras pueden utilizar para protegerse de las fluctuaciones de las tasas de cambio y reducir su exposición a riesgo económico y por transacción.